In general, using antioxidant drugs to treat heat stress is effective and feasible. Studies have shown that the reproductive damage caused by heat stress can be relieved by certain drugs and compounds, such as vitamin C, baicalin, ashitaba, resveratrol, melatonin, and others. When faced with high temperatures, spermatocytes and spermatids mainly undergo apoptosis, Leydig cells show changes in secretory capacity, and spermatogenic stem cells have trouble multiplying and cycling. KRG (100 mg/kg day) counteracts the changes of these heat stress-induced antioxidase index in the testes, which improved the resistance of testis to the heat-induced oxidative stress, and enhances the testicular physiological function as well. In summary, Resveratrol might be an approach to promote SSC proliferation, cease SSCs loss iand improve the reproductive dysfunction of rats that was induced by heat stress. Resveratrol synergizes with mild to moderate heat shock and conferred cytoprotection against severe heat stress. The monomeric HSP27 is involved in the polymerization of actin, causing cytoskeleton rearrangement, and promoting increased cell migration, which play an important role in the responses of cells to external stimuli . Clusterin (CLU) is a stress-activated, ATP-independent molecular chaperone, normally secreted from cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of Leydig cells with positive for testosterone were significantly reduced in scrotal hyperthermia groups than control group . The main function of Leydig cells is to secrete testosterone, which is regulated by the hypothalamus, pituitary, and itself, and ∼95% of testosterone in animals is secreted by Leydig cells . Additionally, consistent sessions may lower cortisol, a hormone that can suppress testosterone production. Research suggests that post-exercise cold exposure may dampen anabolic responses, so timing is crucial. In a study involving 1,100 women, colder temperatures were found to alleviate issues like anxiety, mood swings, and poor sleep . Sean Smiley, a 43-year-old man, saw his testosterone levels climb from the low 200s ng/dL to 595 ng/dL within 35–45 days . Even shorter exposures may temporarily lower testosterone, with factors like age, fitness level, and acclimation to cold playing a role. Therefore, future research should attempt to ascertain whether heat stress has similar effects on different testicular cells, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and comprehensive mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, to relieve heat stress, different treatment methods are needed for the various cells in the testes. However, mammals also use homeostasis mechanisms to resist heat stress; therefore, the molecular and genetic mechanisms of heat stress differ among different testicular germ cells. Resveratrol activates heat-shock promoter-driven transcription, which decreases the temperature threshold of the heat-shock response, so the cells become more tolerant under more severe stresses . Ashitaba powder (AP; 57.5 mg/kg day) evidently prevented the decrease in HSPa11 and HSPa2 expression induced by short-term heat stress (15–20 min) in testicular cells of mice. Understanding the profound effect of temperature on hormonal balance is crucial for managing overall well-being. This study followed male athletes training in high temperatures. In a case study from Australia, researchers examined male laborers working in extreme heat. Elevated temperatures were shown to reduce Leydig cell function, which in turn curbed testosterone synthesis. By controlling stress, you support hormonal harmony. High cortisol levels inhibit testosterone synthesis. Consuming foods rich in zinc and vitamin D enhances hormonal production.
